Does the use of graphic novel help Satrapi propel her...

Does the use of graphic novel help Satrapi propel her idea? Persepolis the Story of a Childhood by Marjane Satrapi’s at first impression looks like an unsophisticated comic book; however the book is much more intricate than it looks. It appears like the author Satrapi uses a graphic novel style to add to the stories and supplement profound thoughts what words probably cannot express in novels: layers of visual intuitions. However, does the use of graphic novel help Satrapi propel her idea? In the comic book it seems like she really has propelled her idea. The graphic novel is a book that tells the story about the childhood of an Iranian girl named Marji, while instantaneously attempting to display what the Iranian people are like in†¦show more content†¦Satrapi changes and uses varying clothing styles and hair length as the story develops to give a sense that Marji is growing older as the story unfolds. (3, 4) Does Satrapi’s use of visual techniques such as close-ups effectively conveyed to emphasize important message/s? Satrapi did not only tell a story for the readers to read, but she also made sure that the reader was part of the story emotionally, mentally and directly. In parts of the book Satrapi drew characters in key frames to cleverly show that the characters were looking right off the page and directly starring back at the reader, this visual technique really gives way to emphasize the message. In one occurrence were Satrapi uses this visual technique, where the characters eye in the book looks directly to the reader happens when Marji replies to her father about never forgetting who she is, and says â€Å"No. I won’t ever forget†. (5) The character seems to look at the reader producing a feeling that the reader is in actual conversation by pulling our attention

Hybrid System for Automobiles Free Essays

As you will well appreciate, the issue of hybrid automobile systems has gained increased prominence in the recent past. This is as a result of the drawbacks associated with the conventional automobile systems currently in use and the potential benefits that hybrid systems can offer. At present, our company, like many automobile manufacturers, produces vehicles that run on the conventional internal combustion engine. We will write a custom essay sample on Hybrid System for Automobiles or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since this involves the combustion of fossil-based fuels such as gasoline and diesel, it is associated with the emission of noxious gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and waste hydrocarbons that significantly compound the problem of global warming in addition to increasing the risk of heart, lung, respiratory and eye illnesses. Fossil fuels are also manufactured from oil, which has recently been the subject of steep price hikes that affected many motorists. Hybrid systems are not only cleaner but also incur cheaper operational costs. They would give our company an opportunity to demonstrate its social responsibility and commitment to the environment and generate positive PR spin offs for it. It would also help the firm generate more sales revenues and to maximize its profits. Towards this end, I have prepared a proposal that seeks to design, develop, and implement an automobile hybrid system to be incorporated into our vehicles. Given the time schedule, reliability, schedule visibility, clarity of technology and user requirements associated with the development of the proposed system, we propose to use a throwaway prototyping model, a type of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC). The entire project is expected to take one year, and will involve experts drawn from the different functional areas of the organization as well as outside consultants. Other resource requirements will include finances to purchase raw materials and modify existing production facilities. Given the unmistakable benefits that the hybrid automobile system offers, there is no doubt that the benefits that our company will reap from its implementation will outweigh the costs by far. I will be glad to clarify or discuss with you any issues appertaining. Thank you. How to cite Hybrid System for Automobiles, Papers

Retrieved From Low Interest Personal Loans -Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss Abpout The Retrieved From Low Interest Personal Loans? Answer: Introduction My name is Harry Hunter. Am a qualified teacher who has completed a bachelors degree in teaching from Macquarie University. In addition to the bachelors degree I have gone ahead to attain a Master of teaching degree from the University of New South Wales. The above processes have equipped me with relevant skills needed to deliver quality teaching services to all the students. Currently employed as a primary school teacher in Sydney city which is in the New South Wales state. My current level is a first-year teacher which attract an annual salary of $ 67248. This translates into a gross fortnight pay of $2586.46 (SCHOOLS SALARIES AND RATES OF PAY (2017-2019), 2017). I live 3 kilometers from the school I work. To reach the school from my residential I can either use public transport which entails taxis or buses. Am a trendy person who adores fashion. On my free time I value leisure and is occasionally traveling across the state for site seeing and picnics with friends. Currently I rely primarily on public means of transport and in need of a private car. The choice of this topic was triggered by the need to gain more insight on budgeting. The use of public transport is often inconveniencing as it does not offer door to door services which I need. In addition, I travel a lot and occasionally to places that I find hard to reach using the buses. Considering that I have several expenses that need to be catered for, this topic is to help me factor in all my financial constraints. Thereafter, all come up with an economic decision that will see me ease the transport burden while at the same time managing to sustain my daily demands. How the investigation will be conducted The data that will be used on this topic will be obtained online from the websites of various relevant organizations. The websites will be both for government organizations as well as private firms. In addition, all consider the input from friends and colleagues who have models of vehicles which I may be interested in. Afterwards, all evaluate the data obtained and make a choice based on personal interest and financial constraint. Comparison of the various options Car model comparison Hyundai Accent Nissan Versa Note Has a distinctive design with a fuel-sipping engine. Has 130-hp 1.6-liter inline -four pairs with a standard perky sluggish six-speed automatic. Has a 10 year per 100000-mile powertrain warranty The car cost approximately $ 15580 Top speed is 120 mph Has a styling roomy back seat with an astronomical fuel economy. The car is weak with 1.6- liyer-fouir cylinder makes. In addition, it has a sloppy-five-speed manual. The car has a soft suspension and a grip free tires giving it a bland road behavior. The car cost approximately $ 16365 Top speed is 114mph The two models of cars were my preferred choice and from comparing their qualities Hyundai Accent offered the best qualities at an economical price. All therefore select it as the car to purchase. Moreover, I compared the rate of car insurance in 3 companies to help decide the preferable choice (Ryan, CANSTAR, 2018). Company Annual rate ($) Budget direct 1250 Ozicare Insurance 1140 Virgin Money 1250 Based on the cost of the insurance policies I selected Ozicare as my car Insurer. Project financing strategies To finance my project of purchasing a car I will need to obtain a loan from a financial institution in New South Wales. I have identified the SoFi personal loans as a favorable source of the capital. They allow borrowing of up to $ 100,000 payable in a maximum of 7 years. Their loan interest varies from 5.49% to 14.24% convertible annually. Since am compensated for my teaching job on a fortnight basis all consider the monthly payment structure.as it will be convenient for me to settle the loan amount whenever I have a surplus capital (Porter, 2018). All thereby consider taking a loan of $15580 to be paid for a period of 2 years. The interest on the loan is settled monthly while the capital is paid at the year-end. The loan term consists of interest of 6.25% which is convertible annually. Annual budgeting strategy The strategy will entail highlighting all my revenues and expenses and evaluating the surplus capital expected after venturing into the project. Calculating the tax payable Current Resident Tax Rates 2017-2018 (Exfin International Pty Ltd, 2018). $0 $18,200 Nil $18,201 $37,000 19c for each $1 over $18,200 $37,001 - $87,000 $3,572 plus 32.5c for each $1 over $37,000 $87,001 - $180,000 $19,822 plus 37c for each $1 over $87,000 $180,001 and over $54,232 plus 45c for every $1 over $180,000 My salary falls in the $37,001 - $87,000 tax bracket. So, to calculate my tax I get $3572 plus 32.5c* ($67248-$37000) = 32.5c*30248=983060c which is equivalent to $9830.6 In total my tax for the year will be $9830.6 + $3572 = $13402.6 The annual salary is $ 67248 amount payable as tax $13402.6 which leaves a net pay of $53845.4 Annual net income $ 53845.4 Expenses Home Vehicle Utilities Food Personal Others $20722 $6630 $3120 $6240 $2860 $2860 $42432 Annual savings $11413.4 Less loan capital repayment $7790 Surplus cash available $3623.4 The Budgeting Section My current expenses are mainly categorized into the home, vehicle, utilities, food, personal and others. L normally do prefer cooking at home more frequently than visiting the hotels and it is economical. Also, most of my clothes are purchased from the local shops in Sydney town as they sell at a lower cost compared to imports from Dubai. Gross Income per fortnight is $ 2586 this deduct the $ 516 payable as taxation leaves a net of $ 2070 (Australian Taxation Office, 2017). The tax per fortnight is obtained by taking the annual tax income divide by 26 (13402.6/26=516) Expenses in one month Cost ($) Total ($) Reference Home Home insurance Rent 37 760 797 (Ryan, CANSTAR, 2016) Vehicle Car insurance Gas Repairs Loan interest 44 100 70 41 255 Utilities Telephone Water Electricity Internet 30 20 25 45 120 Food Serials Hotel 150 90 240 Personal Clothing Medical 70 40 110 Others Leisure Presents 60 40 110 Total 1632 From the net income of $ 2070 if I deduct the $1632 for expenses then all be able to save $ 438 in a single fortnight. This transforms into a saving of $ 11388 per annum. Project cost The project is expected to cost $ 15580 plus the addition of (15580*0.0625*2=1947) $1947 in the form of interests. Since this amount cannot be raised from my savings per fortnight all consider borrowing and have identified the SoFi for a personal loan. The loan will be paid in a period of two years at an interest of 6.25% convertible annually. In total the project will cost $7790 of capital in the first year plus $974 as interest totaling $8764. Since the interest are paid monthly and have been budgeted in the fortnight income only the $ 7790 will be settled at the end of the year. This will leave me with surplus cash of ($ 11388 - $ 7790) =$3598 at the end of the year. Examples of mathematical processes and calculations applied during the investigation Calculation Method Working Algorithm Addition (obtaining the total cost of food expenses) Scratch 150 +90 240 First write the numbers in columns with the units such that ones are under ones and tens are under tense etc. Add the ones that is 0+0=0 write this in the ones column Then add the tens 5+9=14, write 4 in the tens column and note 1 Add the 1 to the 1 in the hundreds column 1+1=2 and write the 3 in the hundreds column Lattice 1 5 0 + 9 0 0 1 1 4 0 0 2 4 0 Subtraction (calculating the expected savings per fortnight) Scratch method 2070 -1632 438 Arrange the values in a column form with the ones in one column tens in one column etc. Solve them in the column form starting from the left. 0-2 is not possible so I obtain one from 7 in the tens column to make it 10-2 which is 8. In the tens column you have 6-3=3 In the hundreds column you have 0-6 which is not possible, so you obtain 1 from the thousands column to make it 10-6=4 In the thousands column take 1-1 to get 0 Regrouping 2070 -1632 362 t h t 0 || ,,,,,,, | . ,,,,,, ////////// . ,,, Fist I wish to take away 2 from 0 which is not possible. So, I borrow one from the tens column to make it 10. Now 10-2=8 Now I go to the tens columns I need to take away 3 from 6 which gives me 3, I then move to the hundreds column and need to remove 6 from 0 which is not possible. So, I borrow one from the thousands column to have 10-6=4 In the thousands column I have one which when I remove 1 remains with zero Multiplication (obtaining the annual savings) Standard multiplication 438 * 26 2628 876 11388 Write the number in columns such that that ones are ones, tens under tens etc Starting from the right-hand side multiply 6*8=48. Write 8 under the ones column and note 4. Now multiply 6*3=18 and add the 4 noted above 6*3=18+4=22. Write 2 under the tens column and note 2 Multiply 6*4=24 and add the 2 to give 18+2=26. Write the 23 such that 6 is under the hundreds column and 2 the thousands column. Now go to the 2 in the bottom row, multiply 2*8=16 and write the 6 under the tens column and note 1. Again, multiply the 2*3=6 and add the 1 notes above 6+1=7, write 7 under the hundreds column. Multiply the 2*4=8 write the 8 under the thousands column Now perform addition First drop 8 to the ones column. Then add 2+6=8 write 8 in the tens column Add 6+7=13 write the 03in the hundreds column and note 1 Lastly add 8+2=10 plus the one noted above to get 11 Lattice multiplication style 4 3 8 0/8 0/6 1/6 2 2/4 1/8 4/8 6 11 3 8 8 First, we set the lattice box The multiplication is 3 digits by 2, the box will be a 3*2 The next step will be to add Division (deriving the interest amount to be allocated to a fortnight income) standard 37.4 974/26 1 Ans is 37 to the nearest whole number Short division 974/26 37 26 974 78 194 182 12 Starting from the left check if 9/26 is a value greater than 1, if no check 97/26=3. 3 is the whole number obtained write it on top of 7. Then multiply 26*3=78. Subtract 97-78=19, write the 19 and drop 4 to make it 194. Now I have 194/26=7 number. Write it on top of 4 The value of the division is 37 Percentage (interest rate) Multiplication and division 974/15580*100= 6.25 Fraction (interest rate) 974/15580= 487/7790 Simplify Investigation results My research into the model of a car to purchase, the appropriate financial plan and effective budgeting to cater for this plan was a success. By visiting several car dealers and consulting the people who had a car model like the one I had interest in, I managed to gather adequate information. My informants educated me on the features and qualities to look for in a car. In addition, I managed to source for reliable car dealers who offer the best car prices on the internet. From the internet sources I also obtained information on credit institutions and was able to select a convenient source of a personal loan to assist me in funding the project. Was I to replan the project then I may shift my reliance on individual information from friends and instead focus on visiting various agents for more precise information. Difficulties encountered during the investigation and their solutions One of the major difficulty I endured during my planning was the time limit. Occasionally I had to book a meeting with company agents and consultants to source for information. Since I a dedicated school teacher I found it hard to share my work time with the planned meeting considering that the working ours tend to collide. Also, I found reliance on information from friends a bit misleading as some of the information I obtained from them ended up varying from the actual data from company agents. The difficulty was though resolved once I settled on the agency information as a budgeting basis. Lastly, prior to the investigation I had difficulties understanding the interest rates computation. This was though made clear after I obtained clarification from the financial institutions I visited. Lesson learned from the investigation From this investigation I have managed to have a grip on the art of personal budgeting. In future all have an easy time understanding my expenses hence be able to regulate unnecessary spending. Moreover, I have managed to acquire knowledge of bank loans and their interests should I need financing in future I gauze my budgeting plan will be much simpler. References Australian Taxation Office. (2017, July 1). Australian Government; Australian Taxation Office. Retrieved from Pay as you go (PAYG) withholding: https://www.ato.gov.au/uploadedFiles/Content/MEI/downloads/Fortnightly-tax-table-2017-18.pdf Exfin International Pty Ltd. (2018). exfin. Retrieved from Current Australian IncomeTax Rates - Resident and Non-Resident: https://www.exfin.com/australian-tax-rates Porter, T. (2018, January 23). Banktracker. Retrieved from The Best Low-Interest Personal Loans for 2018: https://www.mybanktracker.com/personal-loans/reviews/low-interest-personal-loans-273431 Ryan, T. ( 2018, January 11). CANSTAR. Retrieved from How Much Does Car Insurance Cost?: https://www.canstar.com.au/car-insurance/what-does-car-insurance-cost/ Ryan, T. (2016, September 16). CANSTAR. Retrieved from What is Home Contents Insurance and how much does it cost?: https://www.canstar.com.au/home-insurance/home-and-contents-insurance/a-beginners-guide-to-home-and-contents-insurance/ SCHOOLS SALARIES AND RATES OF PAY (2017-2019). (2017). Retrieved from https://www.nswtf.org.au/files/schools_-_salaries_and_rates_of_pay_2017-2019.pdf

The Importance of Stupidity in Scientific Research Essay Example

The Importance of Stupidity in Scientific Research Essay The Importance of stupidity in Scientific Research This essay talk about how two students from graduate school reunited with each other after many years for the first time. They were both Ph. D students at the same time and they were also studying science. One of the friends later dropped out of graduate school. The reason why she dropped out of the school was because she felted stupid in the program. After feeling stupid for a couple of year she decided that it was time for a change. After the meeting, the other friend started to realize that science also made her feel stupid. She goes on to explain that the reason why she like science is that she is good at it. What she is trying to say is that taking high school or college course means doing well in the class and getting good grades in the course. If you are getting good grade in class and know that answer for the test then you are smart. She is a Ph. D. , student and being a Ph. D. they do more of experiment and research project. When she encounters problems with her research, she knows how to ask for helped from the faculty. She learned that instead of being discouraging about herself, to do the best of her ability. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Stupidity in Scientific Research specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Stupidity in Scientific Research specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Stupidity in Scientific Research specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She also talked about how hard it is to be a Ph. d. student. She stated that science is made harder by competition for grants and space in the top journals. Also she talks about how we do not do a good job of teaching students how to be productively stupid. Students may be given material and review the material and then come back to ace an exam. Other student, whose test maybe preliminary and thesis exam are push more by the faculty. Then when the student get the wrong answer the students start to feel discourage about the subject. And once the student feels this way the faculty has failed but not the student. The point of most exams is not to see if the student will get the answer right but to see if they understand the subject or the concept. The exam can identify the weakness of the student. Productive stupidity means being ignorant by choice. It does not matter how long it take a student to pass a class or an exam, all that matter if he or she passed and that he or she learned something at the end, no matter how long it takes a student to pass a subject or a test. Students may feel stupid at something because they are always getting the wrong answer. This does mean that they are stupid; it only means that they don’t understand it. If the student to continue to practice and work hard toward their goal, they will soon understand and feel like they are smart. The concept of â€Å"The importance of stupidty in scientific research† applies to development through the life span from many different aspects. Human development is trying to understand human constancy and change throughout the lifespan. Human development is associated with social pressure and curiosity to better people’s lives. The lifespan perspective offers a more complex vision of change and the factor that underlie it. So, â€Å"the Importance of stupidly in scientific research â€Å"applies to development through lifespan. Students must understand the material and stay focus in order to understand a subject. They also must have parents and teachers encourage them to make them want to learn more. This will teach them to have confidence in their self which also bring higher self esteem. Student must also know that in life they are going to fail but learn how to adjust problem and fix it, so that next they will achieve. Students must learn never to give up on things you want out of life. An event that happen in my life that has the same concept of the â€Å"The importance of stupidity in scientific research† is when I was in undergraduate school at Paine College. We had to take an Exit exam which is a test all Biology major had to take before they could graduate from college. The first time I took the test, I knew that I was prepared and that I could pass the test. I had so much confidence that when I got the test result back I knew that I passed, so I decided not open it open. Something told me to just open the result up, when I open the result my heart drop because I had failed the test. It took me 8 times to passed the Exit Exam. I wanted to give up some many times on this test. I felt like I was stupid and I felt like a failure. I called myself stupid for not be able to pass a test that I needed to pass to graduate. I had the help of my fellow student, parents, and teacher to not give up but to keep trying. I probably would had gave up if did not have the help of my friend, parents, and teacher

Global Cosmetic Industries Essays

Global Cosmetic Industries Essays Global Cosmetic Industries Essay Global Cosmetic Industries Essay Global Cosmetic Industries In the world of globalization with unstable economic situation most of the investors looking for more stable market place to invest for long term. Selecting an appropriate market place with the concern of risk associate with it is a vital task for any investor. Global Cultural Revolution makes all cultural consumers to move into standardized product rather then using local products. Europe and America already achieved a well structure cosmetics and toiletries market where competition is quite high on the other hand emerging market like India and china has a huge base of consumer for international cosmetics and toiletries products. Now a day’s women and man from Asia pacific are more interest in buying global brands for their health and beauty products. Cosmetics and toiletries market is a growth oriented market for which emerging market is the right place to go. In 2003, the world market for cosmetics and toiletries was valued at US$201 billion, up 4. % from 2002. Hair care maintains its global sales amounting to US$42. 4 billion in 2003. (Briney, 2004b). According to Global Cosmetic Industry report (August, 2004) the big three multinationals Procter Gamble, LOreal and Unilever all have played a critical role in developing the  cosmetics  and  toiletries  industry in Asia-Pacific, especially in the emerging markets of China, India and Indonesia. In 2005, Asia-Pacific cosmetic and  toiletries  market saw positive economic indicators and its highest recorded growth in five years. : Manufacturers have been focusing on the opportunities offered by the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China). UK: UK has a well structured consumer and market place for cosmetics and toiletries. At the movement cosmetic and toiletries are on the top of product growth cycle and consumers are spending on expensive products. In UK Competition is fierce in both manufacturing and retailing the premium and mass markets. Companies spend to protecting their upmarket brands. The growing involvement of grocery chains in non-food sectors is continuing to exert downward pressure on prices of mass-market cosmetics as they tend to be centred on seasonal sales. As a result a Considerable investment is necessary to bring new cosmetics and toiletries products to the market and to maintain their high profile, and the failure rate of new cosmetic and toiletries products is high in such a competitive market. Householders have been hit by recent crises in interest rates and increased household bills, are likely to be cutting back on spending, particularly on products of luxury market. Recent recession is making consumer to spend less for health and beauty products. For this reason new investment in this sector is a question to consider. Manufacturers are increasingly looking to the emerging markets of Brazil, Russia, India, Mexico and China for expansion plans. China: In contrast to UK, China’s cosmetics market, the second largest in Asia Pacific after Japan, is witnessing increased demand due to improving lifestyles and rising disposable income of the Chinese population. China has a large populace in the age group of 15 to 59 years, which is considered more fashion-conscious who have diversified needs. Consumer of china prefers their won beauty product than foreign brand. In China, for high duty the customs add 60% to the cost of goods, and they Compare western countries and China on cosmetics preference. Fake Goods is another problem for multinationals in china, which damage their brand image and difficult to distinguish between originals and fake one. However, the level of development of the market is still very low. Although several domestic firms are present, foreign companies dominate the market. L’Oreal has the largest market share in China. As a result china already has a fierce competition. India: Indian cosmetics and toiletries manufacturing Industry, 2010 is valuable for anyone who wants to invest and take advantage of lower costs in India, to get market shares as India is boosting its domestic needs; to forecast the future of the world economy as India is leading the way. India has emerged as a highly potential global outsourcing and solutions provider for consumer products  and general merchandise. India has always kept her stand in global competition right from the beginning for finished products such as cosmetics and toiletries. The Indian cosmetics industry is growing the average annual spending of Indian consumers in 2005 is just over US$3 which saw its value share rising from 27% in 1999 to 31% in 2005 and is likely to continue to surge ahead over the forecast period. The total size of the  Indian  retail beauty and cosmetics market is currently estimated at $950 million [Color cosmetics account for 14%, Fragrances 21%, Haircare 19%, Skin care 17%, Beauty services 13%, Herbal products 9%, others 7%]. The overall beauty and wellness market, which includes beauty services, is $2. 68 billion. India is being targeted by global cosmetic giants due to its favourable demographics. The modern, urban Indian women are becoming increasingly conscious about their style and looks. Skin care and color cosmetics have witnessed solid growth for the last few years, In India. Consumers like lower cost and the chance to try new products. Indias cosmetics and toiletries industry is tipped to grow 27 percent over 2006-2011, according to Euro monitor, due to the countrys strong economic performance and youthful demographic structure. New policies and sectors such as Special Economic Zones cut outs completely Tax burdens and overheads in India. With concerning the growing Indian economic and diverse consumer base, acquisition of Dabur India limited would be a promising investment. For acquisition risk assessment and management is vital issue. One of the prominent cosmetic and toiletries Company is Dabur India limited. Dabur India Limited is one of the leading consumer goods companies with interests in healthcare, personal care and toiletries. Dabur is a classic case of a family owned business being handed over to professionals. It is a company making timely strategic interventions to adapt to the business environment and maintaining its brand equity over the years with a turn over of more than Rs. 2. 23 crores, by offers the widest product range and strongest distribution network. Acquisition of Dabur India would be the best option for the investors. Investors need to maintain its local brand image also should have some concern about its main competitors like Hul, Godrej Consumer, Gillette India, Godrej Ind, Colgate, Emami, P and G and so on. Criticism: Though cosmetic and toiletries industry is a growth oriented industry, it facing lots of criticism from environmentalist group. Unilever, Revlon, Avon and Johnson Johnson, yet none of them has denied purchasing talc from the Golcha Group whose biggest mine has been operating illegally for 15 years. Many protected areas and sanctuaries across India suffer from the effects of mining. The Indian Government has a responsibility to ensure that its valuable wildlife reserves are protected. The loss of watersheds causes a lot of unnecessary suffering to local communities. Political system is thoroughly corrupt. India has been sending mixed signals to investors by changing it tax and tariff policies without notice. Sales taxes are levied by individual states which vary from state to state. This complex sales tax structure can sometimes be a deterrent to foreign investors. Conclusion: A strong brand promotional campaign, good distribution network, constant product innovation and quality improvement, and the ability to provide a variety of quality products are some of the major reasons for the success of Dabur India limited. In the future, Dabur india need to increase the amount of natural ingredients used in their products in order to satisfy consumers. At the same time, Dubar need to dedicate huge marketing budgets to promoting the natural aspects of their products. Risk  management is a continuous process that identifies risks; analyzes their impact and prioritizes them; develops and carries out plans for  risk  mitigation, acceptance, or other action. India has less risk factor for foreign investment with more institutionalised political, economic and business situation which is favourable for any foreign investors. Recommendations: Action need to be taken by investors to upgrade Dabur’s brand image nationally and internationally. More camping and advertising would help to improve Dabur’s brand image As India has diverse cultural background Dabur India need to bring more diversity in its products mix and adaptation process. On the other hand standardization is required for global market and huge return to its shareholders and stakeholders. Efficient management is the key to success in this diverse business environment. Dabur’s need to give more emphasizes in research and development of new product. A combination of local and foreign expertises is required for successful business where investors should avid by the low and regulation of health and safety of its employees. Accusation could be a challenging job to do. So from management to advertising all aspect of business needs to monitor closely. Investor should comply with the political, legal, social, economical, environmental, ethical and religious issues as well as its shareholders and stakeholders. Consumer behaviour is The study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. In cosmetics and Toiletries consumer behaviour involves the use and disposal of cosmetics products as well as the study of how they are purchased. Product use is often of great interest to the marketer, because this may influence how a product is best positioned or how we can encourage increased cosmetics and toiletries consumption. As a foreign investor, entering into a new market normally entails a great commitment of resource on consumer trends which is difficult to be recovered or transferred when the measure fails due to adopting a wrong trend in consumer behaviour. Consumer trends in the cosmetics and toiletries industry: The changes in cosmetics and toiletries consumption patterns are largely driven by income growth and demographic factors, particularly lifestyle changes brought about by urbanization, away-from-home employment of women, and increased levels of information while income growth, which affects the purchasing power of consumers, is one of the most important factors contributing to demand changes. Cosmetics and toiletries are not just the domain of women any longer and men too are increasingly taking to the use of more and more body sprays, perfumes and other cosmetics and toiletries. With rising demand from men, the market is getting enlarged and many players are coming out with cosmetic and toiletries products around the world. UK: In UK, National Statistics confirm that expenditure on beauty products and treatments is discretionary and tied in with disposable income; the 10% of households in the lowest gross income group spend a weekly average of just ? 3. 50 compared with those in the highest income group who spent an average of ? 19. 40 in 2005/2006. However, trends in consumer behaviour on cosmetic products and fragrances in UK is high. Younger respondents tend to use products more than older respondents so ostensibly, the UKs ageing population does not bode well for the industry. Which means consumers are moat likely set with there choice and brands. It is a fact, nevertheless, that in UK older people maintains a pride in their appearance and frequently has the disposable income to indulge in premium products. So consumers increasingly expanding their ranges to suit different skin textures and colourings. UK consumers looking for quality choose expensive brands as they feel that price is an indicator of quality. Today more and more consumers are selective on the high quality of the products or services so consumers are sensitive and prefer to buy value for money where low or standard quality cosmetics are dying. UK socialites belong to the upper class. They prefer to shop in specialty stores, go to clubs on weekends, and spend a good amount on luxury goods. Socialites are also very branding conscious and would go only for the best known in the market. So consumer’s expectation is setup highly on quality cosmetics where less intension to try new product also. China: Cosmetics have been around China almost as long as Traditional Chinese Medicine, which dates back some 5000 years. However, during the past several centuries, beauty standards and socio-political norms have changed the small perception of what is beautiful. However still there is a backward trend in consumer behaviour in Chinese cosmetics tradition. In China, the Tang Dynasty, a variety of essential oils were used as perfumes and an abundance of collared lip balms and white facial powders were in fashion. And of course the Qing dynasty promoted feet binding. Not that the latter has any direct correlation with cosmetics, but it does illustrate an odd trend in the long history of beauty and fashion. In June of 2005, one of China’s major newspapers, China Daily, wrote an article titled, â€Å"Chinese Women Go Crazy for Local Cosmetics. † This means strong negative consumer behaviour for international brand. There is a strong interest for bio cosmetics and products in Chinese consumers: natural product made from fruits and vegetables that would use few chemicals that would be safer and give better results on skin. A lot of young Chinese start to pay attention to this concept; they are looking for natural products, without too many chemicals, because they are efficient. Chemicals in cosmetics is likely dishonoured by Chinese people where most of the foreign manufacturers doing it. India: In India, over the years, as a result of the increasing literacy in the country, exposure to the west, satellite television, foreign magazines and newspapers, there is a significant increase of consumer  awareness in cosmetics and toiletries. Apart from psychology and economics, the role of history and tradition in shaping the Indian  consumer  behaviour is quite unique. Perhaps, only in  India, one sees traditional products along side modern products. For example, hair oils and tooth powder existing with shampoos and toothpaste. The success of contestants from India at various well known international beauty pageants in the last few years have also contributed towards making the Indian women more conscious about looks, beauty, grooming and aware of western cosmetic products and brands. More Indian consumers started using cosmetics and a small segment is also seen willing to pay a little more to look good. Indian consumers have a high degree of family orientation. This orientation in fact, extends to the extended family and friends as well. Brands with identities that support family values tend to be popular and accepted easily in the Indian market. Indian consumers are also associated with values of nurturing, care and affection. These values are far more dominant that values of ambition and achievement. Product which communicate feelings and emotions gel with the Indian consumers. The Indian rural market has been growing at 3-4% per annum, adding more than 1 million new consumers every year and now accounts for close to 50% of the volume consumption of fast-moving  consumer  goods in  India. The market size of the fast moving  consumer  goods sector is projected to more than double to US$ 23. 25 billion by 2010 from the present US$ 11. 16 billion. As a result, it is becoming an important market place for fast moving  consumer  goods as well as  consumer  durables with a positive consumer trends. However, in the absence of well known brands in selected product range, consumers are likely to take cues from well established retail outlets hoping that these outlets carry quality products. Consumers believe foreign brands vie increasingly with domestic brands for the growing cosmetics producing real quality. Criticism: The environmental awareness in  India  has started affecting marketing of products based upon their eco-friendliness. In general, Indian consumers are likely to buy environmentally responsible products and packs rather then as a whole. Irritant and allergic reactions may occur. Irritant reactions reflect a damaging effect  of the cosmetic or toiletry on the skin – an example would be the  effect  of too much soap or shampoo on the skin leading to chapping, dryness and soreness. Delicate areas of the body where the skin is naturally thinner such as the skin folds, face, and particularly the eyelids are most vulnerable to irritant reactions. Other sorts of cosmetic which can cause irritation include liquid foundation, mascaras, face masks, toners and anti-ageing creams. Some people suffer from a particularly sensitive skin and experience itching, burning or stinging within minutes of using a product. This is usually a form of irritation rather than allergy and is commoner in people with skin complaints such as rosacea and dermatitis which can react not to buy. Conclusion: Top class, middle class and lower class are income related classifications of the population and each of this class has its own consumption pattern which will have an effect on their ability to source finance for their lifestyle needs. This will mean the emergence of a new consuming class in India. Indian consumers have also developed lifestyles which have emerged from changing attitudes, mind and welcoming western influences and a need for self-gratification. Beauty parlours in cities, eateries, designer wear, watches, hi-tech products are instances which reflect these changes. Indian men and women really need more choice in cosmetics and toiletries that means various consumer trends and behaviour which could be positive sign on product mix and verities by the foreign investors in India. Recommendations: One of the main drivers of growth in natural cosmetics has been the consumer trend towards healthier lifestyles. Rightly or wrongly, good health is often associated in consumers’ minds with all things natural, while chemicals are considered by some to be the root of all evil. Consequently Dabur India comply these perceptions have given rise to demand for natural additives and ingredients used in cosmetics. Dabur India has to bear in mind that consumers in  India  are taking lead in prompting manufacturers to adopt technologies to produce eco-friendly products which changing Trends in Indian  Consumer  Behaviour. The future key for marketing could be to select more ethical and ecological responsible products and packaging, which is also convenient for consumers, thus, balancing environmental concerns with commercial considerations need to be maintained. Adaptation process is more appropriate than standardization in India for foreign investors. Working environment health safety, employee rights, fair trade, food safety, environmental awareness, corporate social responsibilities, charity has to be considered carefully to build up relationship with consumers.

African American Studies paper Essay Example for Free (#2)

African American Studies paper Essay African (466) , Martin Luther King (60) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints ? The civil rights movement was a mass protest movement against racial segregation and discrimination in the southern states that came to a national eminence during the mid 1950’s. This movement can be said to be a â€Å"long time coming† for African slaves and their descendants to resist racial oppression, especially after the United States abolished slavery. Although, slaves were emancipated during the civil war & were then granted basic civil rights through the passing of the 14th amendment and 15th amendment they still struggled and suffered trying to get â€Å"equality† for the next hundred years. Throughout the period of time in which African Americans fought for equality, desegregation and racism, the United States made massive changes. Beginning with the Jim Crow Laws, the countless court cases and the vast impact on the Civil Rights leaders during this time period of trying to gain â€Å"equality† there were two sides to this fight. One side was through the nonviolent protest while the other side was more of an active resistance. The modern period of the civil rights movement can ultimately be divided into several phases. Each act of a protest first started off small and ultimately became big. The Brown vs. Board of Education demonstrated that the process of taking legal action strategy of the NAACP could challenge the legal foundations of southern. This thought or strategy would only work if blacks came together instead of individually trying to conquer. Therefore during the 1950’s and 1960’s the NAACP sponsored legal suits and social movement seeking social changes accompanied legislative lobbying. The primary phase of the black protest began on Page 2 December 1, 1955 when a woman named Rosa Parks, of Montgomery, Alabama, refused to give up her seat to a white bus rider. In the result of not giving her seat up she was defying a southern custom that required blacks to give seats toward the front of the buses to whites. Therefore by not giving up her seat she was then arrested and put in jail. When she was jailed a black community boycott of the city’s buses began. The boycott lasted more than a year, demonstrating the unity and determination of black residents. The well-known Martin Luther King, Jr. who was most famous for his â€Å"I have a dream† speech was the most active leader of this boycott. Although King and Parks were apart of the NAACP the Montgomery movement led to the creation in 1957 of a new organization called the Southern Christian Leadership Conference with King as the president. On February 1, 1960 four freshmen at North Carolina A&T College began a wave of sit-ins designed to end segregation at southern diners. These protest resulted in the new organization called the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. August 28th though was the climax of the civil rights movement. That was the day blacks did the March on Washington & Martin Luther King, Jr.gave his â€Å"I have a dream† speech. King with the help of many others helped bringing the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. After the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 the last major racial protest would be the Selma to Montgomery march. Soon after the march Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965. By the late 1960’s there was a growth of a new organization with more of a radical approach, the organization was called the Black Panther Party. During the late half of the 1960’s there were a series of â€Å"riots†. Page 3 Supporters of black liberation saw civil rights reforms as an insufficient method because they did not address the problems faced by millions of poor blacks. Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X influenced the Black Nationalism group. After the 1960’s civil rights movement blacks witnessed both group of leaders, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. , assassinated. The mark these two men left behind did not fade away though. Despite the civil right’s gains of the 1960’s racial discrimination remained a significant factor in America. Even after President Johnson declared a war on poverty and Dr. King initiated a Poor People’s Campaign in 1968, the distribution of the nation’s wealth and income moved toward greater inequality during the 70’s and 80’s. Some advantages of the Civil Right’s & Black Power movement was that ethnic minorities gained rights that should not have been denied to them on the basis of skin color. The common law did not provide satisfactory protection of basic human rights for the future of the community. The civil rights movement ensured that rights are protected and courts require a clear direction about what rights should be protected. The con about the civil rights movement was that the increase of litigation in the courts would give excessive power to the judiciary rights. Earlier in the essay I referenced the different movements but what I didn’t mention was that both groups took different strives to achieve their goals. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference took more of a non-violent approach to reach their goals according to the â€Å"Southern Christian Leadership Conference† website. While King and his group was more of a non-violent group, the Page 4. Black Nationalism and Malcolm X were more radical. Malcolm X had coined the phrase â€Å"by any means necessary† which meant he wanted to achieve equal rights at any length of sacrifice. Even though Malcolm X said, â€Å"by any means necessary† according to Dr. Stephanie L. McKinney he only used violence as a â€Å"self defense†. Martin Luther King Jr. on the other hand realized that nonviolent tactics was the way to go. Ultimately both leaders pursued the same goal and both achieved it. As you can see in the paragraphs above both Martin Luther King Jr.and Malcolm X had two different approaches to gain equality but I support Martin Luther King Jr. ways of gaining equality more than Malcolm X’s. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the few people who lived up to what he preached. Martin Luther King Jr. sold out to his cause, was passionate about his mission, and connected with the audience. Malcolm X’s radical movement was the reason why I couldn’t side with him. I respect Malcolm X but disagree with any view that encourages violence. King wanted change with his voice, which in my opinion is the strongest tool for someone, who doesn’t support violence. If you think about it physical punishment is dealt to one person and everyone else doesn’t necessarily feel the pain but words can be felt through everyone who’s listening. Just like many other movements and eras the Civil Rights & Black Power movement started, climaxed, then faded. Although, this era influenced many generations that came later and many people still benefit from the efforts of the Civil Rights leaders such as Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr. , & Malcolm X. Some former civil rights activists, such as John Lewis, Andrew Young, and Jesse Jackson, launched Page 5 careers in electoral politics. American civil rights legislation of the 1960s became the center for affirmative action programs that increased opportunities for many black students and workers as well as for women, disabled people, and other victims of discrimination. However, civil rights issues continued to stimulate protests, particularly when previous gains appeared to be threatened. Overall, the 20th-century struggle for civil rights produced an enduring transformation of the legal status of African Americans and other victims of discrimination. It also increased the responsibility of the government to enforce civil rights laws. APA Citations Page 54h. Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam. (n. d. ). Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam [ushistory. org]. Retrieved December 5, 2013, from http://www. ushistory. org/us/54h. asp From Black Revolution to â€Å"Radical Humanism†: Malcolm X between Biography and International History. (n. d. ). Home. Retrieved December 4, 2013, from http://www. humanityjournal. org/humanity-volume-3-issue-2/black-revolution-radical-humanism-malcolm-x-between-biography-and-internat. McKinney, S. (n. d. ). Malcolm X. About. com 20th Century History. Retrieved December 4, 2013, from http://history1900s. about. com/od/people/a/Malcolm-X. htm Nonviolent Resistance. (n. d. ). Nonviolent Resistance. Retrieved December 4, 2013, from http://mlk-kpp01. stanford. edu/index. php/encyclopedia/ Southern Christian Leadership Conference. (n. d. ). Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Retrieved December 5, 2013, from http://www. historylearningsite. co. uk/southern_christian_leadership_co. htm. African American Studies paper. (2016, Dec 21).

Realism Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Realism - Coursework Example It is actually due to the absence of some influential authority at international scale that could maintain peace and order by creating impediments on the way of inflicting injustices and violations at the hands of the powerful states. Consequently, the weak states remain under stress and pressure, and hence are bound to imitate the policies devised and designed by the big powers. William Golding’s world-famous Lord of the Flies (1954) also throws light upon the same notion that absence of any regularity force turns the earth into battlefield in the wake of tussle and conflict between various factions, communities and states as well. Golding has skilfully portrayed the scenario of national and international politics in the novel, where Ralph represents democracy, justice, struggle and determination, while Jack symbolizes strategic and financial power that is misused in order to subjugate others under one’s domination. Similarly, Simon is the representative of intellect, wisdom and philosophy; the intellectuals and philosophers explore and point out goodness and evil, and provide a theoretical outline to lead a civilized life; however, they are unable to implement and enforce the same, and hence lack practical leadership qualities in their personality. Moreover, the cultured but weak nations like Piggy cannot overcome the injustices and malpractices prevailing all around them, and eventually become victim of the same at the hands of the cruel stratum at last. The conflict between good and evil certainly gives birth to the anarchic structure, where the powerful stratum guises as savage and beast, and violates against the prevailing socio-political structure in order to rule over others, as Jack captured the attention of majority boys on the foundation of his physical strength on the one hand, and his financial position

Why was OJ Simpson found not guilty in the criminal proceedings, and Essay

Why was OJ Simpson found not guilty in the criminal proceedings, and found liable in the civil proceedings - Essay Example y considered to have been poorly administered by the presiding judge (Lance Ito), and despite the introduction of considerable forensic and circumstantial evidence pointing to the defendant’s guilt, Simpson was acquitted in October 1995. However, in the civil trial alleging wrongful death and concluded in February 1997, the verdict was otherwise. This disparity in results has raised a number of questions concerning such matters as actual guilt, double jeopardy, and the like. In criminal litigation, the burden of proof is on the state. â€Å"The state [or ‘prosecution’] must prove that the defendant is guilty. The defendant is assumed to be innocent; [and therefore] the defendant needs to prove nothing†¦ [Furthermore,] in criminal litigation, the state must prove that the defendant satisfied each element of the statutory definition of the crime, and the defendant’s participation, ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ [Standler, 2002].† Conversely, in civil litigation, while the initial burden of proof, as in criminal cases, falls to the plaintiff (paralleling the prosecution in a criminal proceeding), â€Å"when the plaintiff has made a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant to refute or rebut the plaintiff’s evidence [Standler, 2002].† Equally important, in civil proceedings the requirement that the jury be convinced ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ is replaced by a jury’s col lective satisfaction that the ‘preponderance of evidence’ points to the defendant’s guilt or negligence. In California, no one may be convicted in a jury trial criminal proceeding (vice trial by presiding judge alone), except in those instances when the jury is unanimously agreed on the defendant’s guilt. Conversely, in civil proceedings, the plaintiff prevails if nine or more of the twelve jurors concur in the defendant’s guilt or negligence. Since no formal punishment attaches to conviction in a civil proceedings, matters at issue that have been resolved in

Plot and character outlines Essay Example for Free

Plot and character outlines Essay He also wants different colored rabbits that he can feed with the alfalfa that he will collect. Lennies dream doesnt come true as his child like nature means that he tries to stroke Curlys wifes hair and not wanting her to scream he breaks her neck. He then flees to the brush where George told him to hide if anything went wrong. George wanting to protect Lennie from the pain of being hung decides instead to shoot him in the back of the head similar to the way Candys dog was so mercilessly killed. Another character who has a dream is Candy. Candy is a decrepit old man who is described as a swamper who lost his hand at the end of his useful life on the ranch. He wishes to join George and lennie to escape the ranch. His dream is to join George and lennie and seeks security in his old age. He is desperate and determined to make it happen as he is afraid he will end up like his dog as he will be sacked as soon as he becomes too old to do any work. Candy is considered useless as he only has one hand I got hurt four years ago theyll can me pretty soon. Candys only friend on the ranch was his dog who was shot and so he seeks company and doesnt want to be lonely any more, wants company in his old age I wont have no place to go, an I cant get no more jobs Candys dream doesnt come true as he has to abandon his plans as lennie is killed and George has to leave town as many of the men at the ranch believe that he might have been conspiring with lennie. At this Candy,s American dream is crushed. The next character who dreams is Crooks. He is a black stable hand, lives by himself in the harness room, a shed attached to the barn. Injured when a horse kicked him, Crooks has a body that is bent to the left because of his crooked spine. The stable hand has many horse care items in his room, as well as personal belongings he keeps because he is a more permanent tenant. He is a proud man but he feels segregated from the other guys and so spends most of his time in his room reading. He used to own his own hand but he lost it He dreams of one day being accepted and being able to sit in the bunk house and play cards he wants to be able to fit in and find his own place in society, have somebody that he can talk to A guy needs somebody to be near him. A guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. He wanted to join George and Lennie but he pulls out after George finds out that Lennie and candy have been talking to crooks about the land and Crooks wanting to avoid disappointment decides that it is best he pulls out as George is not happy. Curlys wife also has a dream. Curlys wife is a seductive, pretty woman who not happy with her marriage to curly seeks excitement and a new life A show came through, an I met one of the actors. He says I could go with that show. But my ol lady wouldnt let me If Id went, I wouldnt be livin like this, you bet. she doesnt like Curlys and says he is a mean guy she is also happy when Lennie breaks Curlys hand as she says its good you busted curly up. Her dream is to become a big movie star as she makes reference to Nother time I met a guy, an he was in pitchers he says he was gonna put me in the movies. Says I was a natural. Soons he get back to Hollywood he was gonna write to me about it I never got that letter I always thought my ol lady stole it. Her dream was to go on stage and entertain as she also tried to run away with the circus A show came through, an I met one of the actors. He says I could go with that show. But my ol lady wouldnt let me If Id went, I wouldnt be livin like this, you bet. this makes reference to the fact that she is lonely as the only woman on the ranch and resents her life. Curlys wife trys to leave the ranch when she comes across lennie and they get talking, she lets Lennie touch her hair but he gets carried away and ends up killing her. Her dreams of fame and belonging are dashed as she dies before she gets the chance to leave the ranch. The last character who has a dream is Curly. He is the boss son, a young, pugnacious character, once a semi-professional boxer. He is described by others, with some irony, as handy. He is very jealous and protective of his wife and immediately develops a dislike toward Lennie. He is married but his marriage is a shame as his wife feels lonely and spends half her time supposedly looking for curly. His wife could be described as a promiscuous as she seems to take a interest in the other men on the ranch. Curly is a small guy and doesnt like big guys, like all small guys, he dont like big guys His dream was to become a professional boxer but he had to stay on the ranch, he feels insecure and possessive of his wife, as she has a promiscuous personality. Seems like Curly is cockier than ever since he got married. His dreams were dashed as he had to stay on the ranch and was not allowed to follow his dream, this may be why he is so bitter and angry . He also cannot even keep his wife as she seems to wander off a lot. His dreams are further crushed as his hand is badly damaged in a fight with Lennie. As his hand is broken he will never be able to fight again, as well as the shame of being beaten by someone who is considered to be mentally handicapped really damaged his reputation. To sum up, most the characters in the book have a dream of some sort. All of the characters dreams in the book of mice and men do not come true . Lennie and Georges dream is slashed by Lennie killing Curlys wife and her dreams are slashed as she is killed but Curlys wife dose finally decide to leave Curly which was part of her dream. Candys dream dies with Lennie as George is not interested in the farm anymore. Crooks had his dream when he used to own his own bit of land but it was taken away from him and so his dream was crushed. They chased their dreams but none of them came true which has reference to the American dream which many people chased but most never achieve. By marc di-trolio Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Steinbeck section.

How effective is Dahls use of subtext in his short stories? :: English Literature

How effective is Dahl's use of subtext in his short stories? Subtext is anything that is indirectly communicated to the reader. It can be conveyed in many ways, such as sounds, objects, jokes, colours and temperatures. Subtext expresses a meaning in a subliminal manner. In Roald Dahl's short stories he uses subtext to display the meanings and feelings that are hidden. In 'The Landlady' Dahl uses subtext to convey the true evil behind the landlady's homely exterior. The animals in the boarding house are thought of to be a good feature. 'Animals were usually a good sign in a place like this'. This is ironic because the animals are dead and stuffed. When Billy Weaver first walked into the house he noticed that there was only his coat in the hallway. 'There were no other hats or coats in the hall'. This is subtext because it suggests that the house is empty. Subtext can also be suggested through temperature. All the way through the story, temperature is used subtextually to suggest meanings and feelings. The weather outside was cold. A cold temperature is subtext for death. 'The air was deadly cold and the wind was like a flat blade of ice', this is pathetic fallacy because it is typical horror genre weather. Inside the house heat is used to cover up the coldness of death. 'A bright fire burning' is used to make the house seem warm. The cups of tea are used in the same way. When Billy goes to the house the landlady appears very quickly, 'like a jack-in-the-box'. This indicates that she was waiting for him to arrive. Furthermore it seems as if she has prepared everything for him in advance. In other words she knew the point when he was going to arrive. The landlady says 'we have it all to ourselves'. She also talks about her guests in the past tense. Therefore it is suggested that the guests are no longer there. The landlady is an unconventional monster in this horror story. 'She looked exactly like the mother of one's best school-friend' explains that this woman seemed sweet and familiar to Billy. Her role in the story is reversed when it is revealed that she is in fact a cold killer. The landlady acts very strangely towards Billy, 'her blue eyes travelled slowly all the way down the length of Billy's body'. The landlady's ayes are described as blue. Blue eyes are not usually associated with evil so this makes her seem an irregular villain in the story. The way she looks at him suggests a wicked look but the 'blue eyes' eliminates the evil.

Behavior and personality development Essay

A person’s behavior and attitude at any point of time is the resultant effect of all factors acting on the individual. The factors, each contribute in its own way and at varying levels, having a positive effect, a negative effect, a soothening effect or even a precipitating effect. The individual then reacts as a consequence of all combined effects. There are several parameters involved in the development of behavioral patterns including cognitive-social, biological, emotions, gender, person-situation, culture, ethnicity etc. These factors effect differently, for each individual since the level of perception and understanding is varied. It should be noted here that there may be several other factors too that influence behavior patterns, that have not yet been recognized. The cognition-social perception of an individual plays an important role in the building up of the individual’s personality. Although there is a debate of whether cognition gives rise to emotions or emotions give rise to cognition, the resultant reaction has wide social perceptions. The term ‘cognition’ in emotion elicitation includes all simple sensory information processing to very complex processing. The emotion – cognition – interaction is the study on the integrative aspects of research in emotion, cognition and the interaction between the two. The complex association between emotion and cognition is analyzed using knowledge and methods from the separate fields of research. Emotions are not always associated with facial expressions. Face recognition and object recognition are performed through different functions by different areas within the brain. Several disorders like alexia, prosopagnosia and visual agnosia develop when recognition process is impaired. Social cognition attempts to relate personal-social development with intellectual development. The process of cognitive development occurs through four universal stages of infancy; toddler and early childhood; elementary and early adolescence; and, adolescence and adulthood. The development in each stage is associated with an increased level of thinking. Cognition is an important aspect of behavior development. An individual perceives a situation based on his cognitive inputs and responds appropriately. Thus feelings of sadness, happiness, anger, guilt etc. , are produced as a result of cognition. As for me, I don’t tolerate anyone talking to me in a high pitch or commanding tone. In such cases, I deliberately don’t cooperate, even if the speaker wants to help or oblige me. Gender too plays an important role in social developments. Women have been traditionally expected to perform their domestic family roles as obedient wives and daughters. They were mainly more perceived to be sexual objects in a male dominated society, with primary interests in homemaking and caring, till the end of the century. This indifference in sociology can be mainly attributed to men’s identity as the dominant social player associated with force of character while women are associated with their weaknesses and passive role. The relationship between crime and gender has been immense throughout the long period of offence observation. Men and women have differing offence rates and offence patterns, both as offenders and as victims. The opportunities and capabilities of men and women for crime are different, which is reflected in their crime pattern. The sex of offenders has always been recorded throughout the history of criminal record keeping. Lady police officers and corrections officers are also needed to tune in, to fit into the gendered criminal justice system, although their lives are very different from that of women offenders or victims. Women were allowed to take up positions of police patrol officers and corrections officers only in the 1970s. This too was achieved through several legislative changes and civil rights movements. While positions have been opened for women in the male dominated fields like policing and corrections, women are faced with challenges as to what are appropriate or not appropriate women activities, given their traditional attitude on such activities. The social role of women had been had been largely restricted, although the situation has changed considerably. However gender based perception, attitude and reaction to situations persist. I am particularly careful in my dealings with women, because I find it difficult to convince them compared to men, although they don’t argue or threaten like men. It has been established by biocriminology that heredity and body organ dysfunctions can induce an inclination in social interaction. Modern researches indicate that chromosomal abnormalities, hormonal and brain chemical imbalances, diet, drugs and alcohol are factors that contribute to aggressive and criminal behavior. The hormone ‘testosterone’ in men has been identified as the main cause of aggression and crime committed by most men. Several case studies indicate that certain foods or food constituents induce neuropsychological disorders in the form of allergic or pharmacologic reactions which may even lead to chemical imbalances in the brain, resulting in behavioral disorders. Adoption and twin studies too indicate that genetic influences play a major role in development of criminal behavior. Molecular genetic investigations and epidemiological studies suggest that criminal activity may be genetically linked to mental abnormality. Prenatal disturbances or altered normal fetal development due to maternal smoking in pregnancy period is linked to violent offsprings. Reading deficits are sometimes developed in impulsive aggressive people, which could be attributed to their early school experiences. Here, impulsive and aggressive acts are caused due to inability in discriminating visual information during social situations. Biology is an important determinant of behavior and social response. Although I don’t perceive any behavior type as due to any specific food pattern, I do believe that group behavior or specific instincts of groups has to do with their biological response. Cultural differences and its influence on behavior have been extensively studied by behavioral scientists mainly during the 1940s and the 1960s. Cross-cultural psychology is very important in understanding the psychological framework of inter personal behavior. Interpersonal behavior is a vital aspect of human daily activity and is greatly influenced by culture. In recent times, this relationship between culture and individual behavior is more explored through empirical studies rather than historical or philosophical enquiries. Findings of such studies indicate that culture moulds and defines individual attitude as much as it determines our values, our ways of thinking and our social relationships. Culture is in fact a major criteria in the determination of human behavior. Culture together with the physical environment represent one of the two important external factors that mould human behavior. These factors in combination with internal influential factors of biological and psychological aspects constitute the main determinants of human behavior. Culture is inhibited by both internal and external representations. External representation of culture is seen in institutions of education, politics, religion and economy while it is internally represented through values, worldviews, beliefs etc. All these forces act simultaneously on an individual at any given point of time. Perhaps most of the conflict and confrontation in today’s world may be attributed to cultural differences. Clash of cultures and adherence to rigid cultural beliefs, keeps up tension between communities. A mutual respect and understanding of each others culture and values is essential for the upliftment of any society. I find it difficult to live a normal life where cultural tolerance is not practiced. I personally feel that culture intolerance is a sign of undeveloped cultures. The individual at any point of time is also subject to a given situation. It is this simultaneous interaction of the person and the situation, which ultimately derives the behavior. Therefore, behavior can be described as a person-situation interaction, which is under continuous adjustment. Normal or abnormal behavior is a continuous response to the person-situation forces. The attitude and behavior of mankind is influenced by several factors, which cannot be predicted or explained using any particular theory. These include cognition, biological, behaviorist, cognitive-social, existential-humanistic, person-situation, and gender, cultural and ethnicity. It must also be understood that similar factors cannot influence everyone to the same level. A combination of several such factors may perhaps explain a particular behavior pattern. Although the role of the parameters in the development of the behavior pattern is known, we cannot conclude that all factors contributing to the same have been identified, nor the level of contribution of each factor. Newer research needs to be done on the subject, to determine further influences, given the fact that technology and lifestyle are constantly evolving.

Determinants and Consequences of Early Marriage in Java Essay

This study analyzes the determinants and patterns of early marriage and explores its consequences on marital dissolution, work status and occupation, migration, and contraceptive use in Java, Indonesia. Data from the 1991 Demographic and Health Survey are obtained on 5816 ever married women, 15-49 years old, living on Java. Early marriage occurs among women before age 20. Subjects are grouped as residing in Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Jogyakarta, and Surabaya; residing in townships and other urban areas; and residing in rural areas. Findings indicate that 70% of ever married women in Java married early. Almost 80% of women who were reared in villages married early. 81.2% who still live in rural areas married early. 20% had no formal education. 74% of Muslim women married early. 79% without work before marriage married early. Dissolution was more common among women living in rural areas. 31% of women in rural areas, 20% living in big cities, and 23% living in towns were no longer in their first marriages. Women who married early were 3 times more likely to experience dissolution than women who married later. The percentage of women whose first marriages ended was highest among women who were married the longest. The effect of marriage age on current working status and the pattern of working status between early and late marriage were not significant. 80% had ever used contraception. Women who married late were more mobile and were more likely to have a higher occupational status. Logistic findings indicate that women’s education, work status before marriage, husband’s education, and current residence were significant predictors of early marriage. Education was the strongest predictor. The probability of dissolution was highest among uneducated, early married, Muslim women living in big cities. The lowest probability was among later married women, living in small cities, and with a tertiary level of education.

The Ramayana essays

The Ramayana essays Long ago in the far off land of Ayodha a boy was born. His name was Rama, son of King Dasartha. As he was growing up he met a young girl. The first time he saw her he was stunned by her beauty; it was love at first sight. Her name was Sita. The ended up getting married; there was a big elaborate ceremony. The person who married her had to bend a bow. Not only did Rama Bend it but he broke it. As the years went by they had a happy life King Dasaratha was getting old and wanted to chooses his son Rama as his heir. His wife Kaikeyi asks that he appoint another son Bharata, instead. Kaikeyi pleads that he owes her two favors, and she feels that something bad would happen to her if he doesn't crown Bharata king and send Rama to the forest for fourteen years. The king hesitated but agreed, so Rama goes with his beautiful wife, Sita, and his brother Laksmana, leaving their riches to live a simple life. In the forest the three meet the demoness Surpanakha who falls in love with Rama. Rama doesnt pay attention to her advances and Laksmana hurts her. She runs away to her brother Ravana, ruler of the island kingdom of Lanka. After hearing Surpanakha's report of the beauty of Sita, Ravana decides that he wants Sita as his own wife and changes himself into in wandering holy man to find her in the forest. When Rama and Laksmana are not paying attention, Ravana Sita cries and wishes for Rama in Ravana's garden in Lanka, while Rama and Laksmana try to get the help of Hanuman, the monkey king, to help them find her. Hanuman, able to make himself big or small, starts his search for Sita by taking a giant step to the Island of Lanka. Carrying Rama's ring he finds Sita and tells her he is Rama's messenger. Sita is very happy, but Hanuman is caught and Ravana sets Hanuman's tail on fire. Hanuman escapes and sets the island ...

Comparison of two readings on terrorism. Links to each article is Essay

Comparison of two readings on terrorism. Links to each article is attached in instructions - Essay Example For instance, Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) group of India suffered from its close association with Pakistan (Carter, 2012). To illustrate this fact, the author uses data collected on 648 terrorist and insurgent groups that were in existence between 1968 and 2006 globally. The results show that although such sponsorship helps to supply the group with much needed resources, this has a negative effect on the group. Based on the results, the author concludes that a terrorist group with a sponsor does not help to avoid elimination. In addition, sponsorship with a safe haven increases the likelihood of internal wrangles. As a policy implication, the author asserts that forceful elimination of such groups becomes relevant as they age. In the article by Lyle Pienaar (2008) focuses on state sponsored terrorism in Africa, focusing on the case of Libya and Sudan. In the article, the author begins by defining state-sponsored terrorism, which mainly involves acts of violence against non-combatants for social or political gain. According to the author, this form of terrorism is the most dangerous due to the funding, training, intelligence and firepower provided by the state. The author further names the countries identified by the United States as the state sponsors of terrorism and the measures that have taken against them. Such countries include Syria, Cuba and South Korea. The article also discusses the historical roots of the international and state sponsored terrorism in Africa, which became a major issue in the late 1960s. More importantly, the author notes that during the post-Cold War period, terrorist activities became rampant in Africa, and were conducted by either groups seeking political independence and oth er domestic agenda or groups forming part of a bigger global terrorist organization. One of the two African countries highlighted in the article for their state sponsorship

Review of a Research Document about Physical Education Literature

Of a Research Document about Physical Education - Literature review Example Review of a Research Document about Physical Education In this regard, a database search was carried out using the keywords / phrase, â€Å"assessment† â€Å"motivation† and â€Å"physical education† using the Education Resources Information Centre (ERIC), where a direct link was provided. The link, however, contained only an abstract similar with the one provided at ERIC and not a full-text paper. Another search was conducted with Google Scholar using the same keywords / phrase. The second phase of the search yielded the full-text article by Standage, Duda and Ntoumanis (2006) in portable document format (PDF). 2. Description of paper Standage, et al (2006) ventured to evaluate the association between the motivational processes among secondary school students of physical education (PE) and their teachers’ ratings of their effort and persistence. Some 394 British students of a secondary school and nine PE teachers voluntarily participated in the study. The study addressed the following research problems: 1. In vestigation of a model of motivational processes predicated on the self determination theory; 2. Verification of the adequacy of confirmatory factor analysis of the measurement model; and 3. Performance of structural equation modelling on the following hypotheses: (a) perceptions of an autonomy supportive environment would positively predict autonomy, competence and relatedness; (b) autonomy, competence and relatedness would positively predict self-determined motivation; and (c) self determined motivation would positively predict positive teacher ratings of student effort and persistence.... theory (SDT) of human motivation in the individual – level, which asserts that â€Å"humans are innately oriented toward growth and health† (Deci and Ryan, as cited in Fortier, Williams, Sweet, and Patrick, 2009, p.156; Deci and Ryan, 2007). SDT impinges on the assumption that the social context influences individual outcomes, including motivation (Weiss and Amorose, 2008; Standage, et al., 2006). In this regard, the social environment can either nurture or hinder an individual’s active, integrating nature as a human being. One such component of the social environment in this study is the PE teacher. Data was gathered from two different state schools in southeast England after ethical requirements have been complied with, based on the standards set by the British Psychological Society. This includes the use of students (i.e., human subjects) in the study, and consent from the high school principals in their capacity as in loco parentis, among others. A multi-sect ion inventory was administered to the student-participants after the researcher has discussed, among others that: responses in the inventory are neither correct nor wrong; the PE teacher will not be able to view their responses to the inventory; and the respondents’ anonymity and the confidentiality of their responses will be safeguarded. Teachers provided their ratings for each student’s motivated behaviour in the PE class in terms of effort and persistence. Self-reported responses were compared with the teacher ratings through a coding system devised by the researchers. The multi-section inventory measured the following variables: autonomy support, autonomy, competence, relatedness, motivational regulations (i.e., intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, introjected regulation, external regulation,

Service operations and manufacturing operation Essay

Service operations and manufacturing operation - Essay Example This is to create a basis for comparison. For the article, it is evident that the service operation system has higher capabilities than the manufacturing operations system because of its structural functionalities. The system has the capability to relate with the customer on healthy grounds; it is also able to markets its services, as there are direct relationships with the consumers. On the other hand, there is an analysis on the deficiencies of the manufacturing system. There is also a discussion on the benefits behind the integration of the two systems. From the discussion relating to the difference, it is evident that, there will be an improvement in supervision, operations, and the cost of production. Introduction Service, manufacturing, and agriculture are the key economic activities in any economy. In most of the developed nations, services and manufacturing sectors of the economy constitute around 75% of the Gross Domestic Product. However, in the recent decades the growth and development is as a result of these sectors of the economy. For the last ten years, it is evident that the service sector in the economy has steadily increased from 40% to 53%. This is in reference to the world’s economy. Growth of sectors such as the IT sector is the key factors leading to the admirable change. If we refer to the history of economics, it is evident that exceedingly few governments had a taxing system to charge the service industry.

Germany and the European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Germany and the European Union - Essay Example As mentioned above, EU embraces international trade at a larger extent. Germany would benefit from this as it would the other countries in the integration. As a matter of facts, Germany can be looked at as a blessing to these other countries (Schweiger 12). This country is prosperous and has a strong economic productivity (Janning, tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de). Thus, there is a lot that it brings on the table to the benefit of EU. For instance, it has a pool of quality products and up-to-date technology that is available at reduced or no tariffs to other nations in the integration. As would be like with any other symbiotic relationship, Germany is set to gain a lot from other nations as well. She would trade buying goods and services from other EU Nations. This will make the EU self-sufficient continent whereby all Member countries benefit (Janning, tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de). As much as it is crucial for Europe to grow strong politically, it is obvious that economic dynamism brought about by integration as well as the attractiveness of the market to have played a bigger role as a driving force that prompted other European Nations to accede (Schweiger 16). Germany European Policy has supported the integration process and the establishment of institutions relevant to prosperity of the integration (Schweiger 22). In addition, Germany foreign policy ensures that her relations with other countries are aligned to EU policy (Janning, tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de). In conclusion, Germany undoubtedly desires a Europe that has the ability of acting, transparent and democratic, one that has a strengthened European Parliament and certainly that has clearly defined

Success Or Failure Of The Euro Currency Economics Essay

Success Or Failure Of The Euro Currency Economics Essay Chapter 1: Introduction: When the European Union was founded in 1957 their initial endeavor was to establish a common market. However they found this idea not taking shape as their financial objectives didnt seem to prosper due to lack of a common c. In 1992, the Maastricht Treaty paved the way for a single c for the EU. Its been a decade since euro had been floated into the international markets. With its introduction in the rush for globalization saw many gains for euro in terms of increase in cross-border capital, trade, and outsourcing, securities and foreign exchange markets turnover as well as in cross-border asset holdings. The decade even saw a huge mounting up of foreign reserves due to growing current account imbalances. With euro taking the role of an international c, there had been drastic changes in the international markets with portfolios being shifted from dollar-denominated to euro-denominated which had led to depreciation in dollar. Moreover Bank of Chinas opinion to support stronger currencies had added to the dollar depreciation. Research aim: The main aim of the research is to understand the sustainability of euro based on financial, economic and political factors. With the euro combining various markets into a single European market, consumer welfare has improved. This had led to convergence of money and capital markets through increased competition, market liquidity and transparency in operation with economies of scale and scope. Euro has gained the potential of risk diversification and more efficient allocation of capital resources. Elimination of exchange rate risk has increased price transparency, thereby reducing transaction costs and boosting competition in international markets. Research objective: The primary intention is to analyze if the future of euro is moving towards success or failure given the social, economic and political factors. While the euro c as well as its policy framework has attributed to stability and prosperity in euro area, the global crisis identified the necessity to strengthen European economic governance as a remedy against future challenges. Euro has gained importance in global markets by allowing global public and private investors to diversify their asset allocation and borrowers to find other sources of funding. Proper and timely actions by the European Financial stability Facility had helped a great extent in safeguarding euro so far. With the European Stability Mechanism being activated till June 2013, financial stability of the euro area is expected to be in full transparency so as to revive in times of financial distress. Research questions: Will the size of the economy help in sustaining the euro stability? Will focus on international trade help in stabilizing? Based on the size, depth, liquidity and openness of the domestic financial markets, can the euro be stabilized? Is the euro stable enough to ensure easy convertibility of its c? Can macroeconomics play a vital role in preserving euro stability? Significance of the study: The study aims to implicate the following: Need for further economic amalgamation so as to tackle problems in times of crisis. Need for a banking union thereby giving control to European Central Bank (ECB) to oversee all euro-zone banks in one step process. Government efforts are needed in order to devise economic and fiscal outline which are essential to the euro c. Efforts are also needed from financial market participants and supervisors, given that the maintenance of the financial market stability plays a crucial role for monetary and macroeconomic stability. Research objectives: The main objective of this report is to assess the success or failure of implementing a unified c, being the Euro c. Examining this topic yields a look into the viability of having a uniform c across a region with similar economic and political attributes. When the idea of a single c was first suggested, doubts raised as to the credibility of the governance as each member states had different political heads. With the single c, however all these political heads would be combined as one governing body to govern all member states. However in a region with similar economic and political attributes, the idea seemed successful with the formation of EU which consisted of European Council to manage course of actions and to suggest new laws; the European parliament to discuss on and endorse laws suggested by the council finally the European Commission with personnel to accomplish the laws. The EU helped a great deal in providing effective governance in the Euro-zone which helped European economy overtake US economy in 2009 with a trade of $14.5 trillion against US trade of $14.3 trillion, thereby accounting to 40% of the worlds economic power. Further, researching the different factors and aspects of what makes a c succeed or fail in meeting its set objectives shall provide insight into understanding the dynamics of the relationship between members of the EU. The vital factors that help judge the efficacy of a c are the size of the economy, political stability, and role in international trade, transparency and openness in domestic markets, easy convertibility to cash and impact of macroeconomics in preserving euro. Relationship between EU members had been strengthened after the launch of euro. Thats because almost 17 of the 27 member states have approved euro. It has also paved the way for a single monetary council to govern the functioning of euro throughout the euro-zone. Moreover cross border trade had increased which was mainly due to creation of single c which cuts transaction costs. Transparency had also been maintained with the euro in domestic markets without price fluctuations. Tourism had also increased with the launching of euro, as tourists didnt have to keep changing their currencies when travelling around the euro-zone. This way Euro ensured easy convertibility of cash. Finally member countries which were financially rich in EU were used to backup poorer economies in EU, thereby ensuring financial stability whenever any of the macroeconomic components triggered a threat to EU. It was this backup which helped euro from failing to a greater extent when the 2008 crisis broke out. The report also provides ground for analyzing the advantages of poorer EU member states adopting the Euro c. This will check the economic drive that can occur from having a monetary union between countries with varying economic statures. The advantages of poorer economies joining the euro can be said to be both an advantage as well as a disadvantage. Its an advantage as even if they fail to repay bills owing to crisis, with the help of EMU they would get help from the richer economies in EU to repay the bills. Disadvantage can be attributed to the fact that salaries may be lesser in less productive areas when compared to salaries of employees in higher production areas. This advantage is due to the fact that all of these employees are now paid in Euros. So indirectly it can pose a threat as the standard of living may vary from place to place, but the salaries remain the same, thereby generating problems in getting even basic daily household things. For example, we may consider the following example between Greece and Germany. Item 2000 2010 Greek German Greek German Number of cups made an hour 5 5 10 20 Employee wage per hour 5 drachma 5 euro 10 euro 12 euro Cost of making a cup 1 drachma 1 euro 1 euro 0.60 euro The above example gives an insight as to more production at lower price thereby encouraging more demand gaining big. However Greece seems to be losing the race. The report also will touch on the aftermath of failures in the Euro, if any, and the remedial measures that can be adopted in case of such failures. This also gives indication to other regions that may want to adopt the strategies used by the Euro while avoiding the negative aspects of the Euro example. There is a perception in euro that it is working only in favour of France and Germany, but the real fact is these countries have achieved little in terms of bargaining success. Even if they had been doing well, ii happens that in times of debt by other EU countries, such rich countries will have to take the burden of clearing unpaid bills, thereby making it impossible for such countries to decide on their infrastructure plans. Moreover in the aftermath of 2008 crisis, TARGET 2 set for the purpose of clearing euro combined all imbalances between banks in the euro-zone. However this failed to meet its objective right from 2007 till 2011, there was an increase in the capital from weaker countries. When the entire euro-zone was undergoing crisis, Germany was doing relatively well, thereby showing diversification in thoughts in terms of social and political issues. In order to prevent failing of euro, policies have to be effectively modified in such a way that there is a win-win situation between both the financially rich and poorer countries, thereby ensuring equal competition. In times of crisis, EU member states can increase inflation rates for a while thereby ensuring their economic growth steady enough to get away from rising debts. However these two can be achieved only with political integration by all EU member states. Having a monetary union and examining its performance is an example set by the Euro. In case of a failure of the c, the report will try to highlight the possibility of discontinuing the circulation of the unified c and reverting to each countrys earlier adopted c. This success can be attributed to ECB cutting down the interest rates 3 times in 2012, thereby lowering borrowing costs creating confidence among investors in euro market that a euro-breakup would not be imminent. In short to say, collapse of the euro is not bound to happen soon, however the stability of euro is unclear in the future. Data collection method: The first hand data will be gathered by distributing questionnaires and analyzing the results. The questionnaires shall be distributed on three banks in the Kingdom of Bahrain which deal with the euro c. The secondary data has been taken from European commission website on inflation in the Euro area from 1960s to 2000s, fiscal position of the euro area in 1992, 1998 and 2007, mean intra-Euro-area correlation between Gross Domestic Product and Industrial Production, two indicators namely the number of years with negative gap sum of negative gaps as a percentage of GDP, macroeconomic performance indicators. Sample selection and selection criteria: The sample chosen are the employees of three banks in Bahrain who invest and deal with euro c. The banks are: Arcapita GFH Gulf Finance House ABC Arab Banking Corporation Survey methodology: The methodology involved analyzing the parameters for significance with the datas obtained from first hand and second hand data which are the survey and other previously published material. The magnitude of a countrys financial system is very vital to decide on its prospective use in the global markets. The global trade and magnitude of a countrys financial markets are related to the economic size. For instance, if we consider the export output between Korea and US, the former accounts for a much greater contribution. However as the US economy is 14 times larger than the Korean thereby making it embrace a much larger share in the world exports. The share of a country in international trade, the size and economy as well as the openness in financial markets forms determinants for demand of that countrys c in global markets. Chapter 2: Literature reviews: Some believe that Euro has failed to perform the required needs or reach the final destination of welfare for all. Instead it has become burden. Others believe that Euro has resulted in bringing a unity among the European nations which helped them to fight out the Economic depression seen in the last decade. The convertibility of a currency also forms a major determinant for demand of that currency, because unless there are less restrictions money is exchanged smoothly thereby ensuring increase in demand of currency. For example after World War II, most of the countries except US restricted their convertibility of currency thereby making US dollar readily available in markets increasing dollar demand. Following table gives a justification to the above determinants: Parameters United States Euro-area Japan Share of world GDP (%) 21.9 15.8 7.6 Share of world exports (%) 15.3 19.4 9.3 Financial markets ($ billions) 40,543.8 24,133.4 20,888.5 Bank assets ($ billions) 7,555.3 12,731.3 6,662.5 Domestic debt securities outstanding ($ billions) 15.426.3 5,521.9 6,444.9 Stock market capitalization ($ billions) 17,562.2 5,880.2 7,781.4 Following are some more factors that help to support and strengthen the study: 2.1 Macroeconomic level: Price stability and low-cost borrowing by European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) helped ensure macroeconomic stability in Europe. Euro helped put an end to changes in exchange rates within Europe owing to changes from outside Europe. The following graph shows improvement in inflation performance thereby leading to sharp decline in price volatility. 2.2. distinction of the strength of the currencies Similar lines of reasoning can be found in Magee and Rao (1980). They make a distinction between strong and weak currencies according to low and high inflation currencies. The intuition behind this being that in trade between low inflation industrial and high inflation developing countries, the low inflation currency of the industrial country dominates. Also, for trade in primary products a vehicle currency might be optimal. The importance of the choice between different currencies came back into the economic discussion when major exchange rates became flexible after the breakdown of Breton Woods in 1973. Viaene and de Vries (1992) take strategic bargaining considerations into account and introduce a forward market. In their model, exporters and importers bargain over the invoicing currency. Both are assumed to prefer their own currency, respectively. Viaene and de Vries find that the dominance of the exporters currency  can be due either to the first mover advantage of the exporting firm or to the monopoly power of the exporter who is more likely to have bargaining power as the firm faces a wide spread demand and not many competitors. 2.3 Currency risk Summing up the early literature, the main findings are that traders seek to avoid currency  risk by using their own currency and that, in trade between industrialized countries exporters are in general more likely to be able to avoid the currency risk.   When currencies are free to fluctuate there is, however, not only the issue of price uncertainty but also  demand uncertainty. 2.4 Invoicing currency: Donnenfeld and Zilcha (1991) present a first formal model in which a firms choice of invoicing currency is analyzed. They are also among the first to develop a model on the Microeconomic level in which the firm optimizes its profits. The main finding of Donnenfeld and Zilcha is that LCP is optimal for the exporting firm if the total revenue curve is concave in the foreign price. This is the case when the sensitivity of demand with respect to prices is not much higher the higher the price level. That is, if the price is set in producer currency and increases (in foreign currency) due to an appreciation of the exporting firms currency, profits will fall because demand will be reduced by more than the increase in profits due to the higher price received. In the case of depreciation, demand is not extended enough to compensate for the lower price the exporting firm receives, because demand is less sensitive to the price at the lower price level. If this is the case, higher variability in foreign prices, which comes with higher volatility in the exchange rate under PCP, lowers expected profits. Thus, under these conditions, high exchange rate volatility would lead the exporting firm to choose LCP.   2.5 Currency Market: Friberg (1997) extends the literature by including into the model a forward currency  market and the possibility to set prices in a third currency: vehicle currency  pricing (VCP). As in Donnenfeld and Zilcha the choice of the optimal currency setting is closely linked to the price elasticity of foreign demand. The second best currency pricing strategy depends on the relative exchange rate volatilities. If the exchange rate towards the vehicle currency exhibits low volatility compared to the bilateral exchange rate of the exporter and importer, VCP is preferred and vice versa.   Now, even under LCP the demand for the firms product is uncertain because the competitors might not price in local currency. In such a case fixing the relative price of the competing products can be important to the exporters so they might choose a common vehicle currency. This finding of choosing the currency  of the competitor is also common to a number of other studies. 2.6 Pricing Strategy: In particular, Bacchetta and van Wincoop (2002) use a NOEM model to analyze the optimal pricing strategy of exporters.  In a very elaborate general equilibrium framework that also takes into account exchange rate dependent costs they derive similar conclusions to those of Donnenfeld and Zilcha. 2.7 demand sensitivity of costs and price The driving factors for exporters to care about their relative prices are the demand sensitivity of costs and the price sensitivity of demand. It can be said that the higher the product differentiation, the lower the price sensitivity of demand. Exporters will, thus, prefer to invoice in their own currency if their products are highly differentiated, while they will pay attention to holding their relative prices constant if their products are less differentiated. This does not mean that less differentiated products are always invoiced in LCP, however. 2.8 market share of the exporting country in the foreign market Bacchetta and van Wincoop build into their model the market share of the exporting country in the foreign market that is, the share of the market that is accounted for by firms from a particular country or monetary area. Demand risk is minimized by invoicing in the currency that is most similar to the average invoicing currency chosen by competitors (Bacchetta and van Wincoop 2002, p. 15). For a monetary union, it is the market share of the entire currency union that matters and not the market share of an individual country. Exports of a monetary union are therefore more likely to be priced in producer currency, and imports to a monetary union more likely to be priced in local currency, because the monetary unions market share is more likely to be dominant. Goldberg and Tille (2005) call this behavior of choosing the currency of the competitor a herding effect. In their partial equilibrium three country model a dominant share of a currency other than the one of the exporter or the importer can make vehicle currency pricing the optimal choice. This herding effect takes place for industries with homogeneous goods where producers aim at keeping their prices relative to the competitors stable. Goldberg (2005) elaborates on this model by including a covariance between marginal cost and exchange rates. There is then also a hedging motive to choose a currency so that the exchange rate is correlated in such a way to shocks to exporters costs that marginal costs are positively correlated with marginal revenue. 2.9 Two-country dynamic general equilibrium model The most elaborate model so far was introduced by Devereux, Engel and Storegaard (2003). Using a two-country dynamic general equilibrium model with sticky prices, these authors analyze the implications of endogenous exchange rate pass-through. Their results show that the degree of pass-through depends on the relative stability of monetary policy; countries with relatively low monetary volatility experience low rates of exchange rate pass- through. The reason is that firms in both countries have an incentive to set their prices in the currency of the country with the low monetary volatility.  As a consequence, the country with low monetary volatility is shielded against exchange rate movements.   2.10 The export pricing behavior Engel (2005) analyses the export pricing behavior of firms in a static model, both in an environment with flexible and with fixed prices. He shows that the choice between producer currency pricing and local currency  pricing is independent of the degree of sluggishness in price adjustment. Under flexible price adjustment, producer currency pricing is optimal if the variance of the export price in the firms own currency is less than the variance of the price in the local currency of the importer. The same holds in an environment of fixed prices.   Summing up the theoretical literature the most important finding is that the optimal pricing strategies are very sensitive to the set of assumptions. In particular, the level of risk aversion and the existence of forward markets to hedge exchange rate risks matter for the results. First and foremost, however, the sensitivity of foreign demand to prices matters, which can be approximated by the homogeneity or differentiation of the product. When demand is sensitive to prices the market share of the exporting country, or more specifically, the currency used by the competitors matters. When the optimal currency choice depends on the currency used by competitors, herding in the same currency is optimal. Also, currencies of countries with monetary stability are more likely to be chosen as invoicing currency. 2.11 The Failure of the Euro Martin Feldstein (2012). As the author mentioned, the euro now shall be known as an experiment that failed. This failure, since the euro was first introduced, in 1999, was not an accident or the result of bureaucratic mismanagement but rather the inevitable results of imposing a single currency on a very heterogeneous group of countries. The adverse economic consequences of the euro include the sovereign debt crises in many European countries, the breakable condition of major European banks, high levels of unemployment crosswise the euro-zone, and the large trade deficits which now block most euro-zone countries. The political goal of creating a harmonious Europe has failed too. France and Germany have dictated hurtful austerity actions in Greece and Italy as a state of their financial help. Paris and Berlin have clashed over the role of the European Central Bank (ECB)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹â€ and over how the burden of financial help will be shared. The early impetus that led to the European Monetary Union and the euro was political, not economic. European politicians rationalized that as the use of a common currency would instill in their publics a greater sense of belonging to a European community and that the shift of responsibility for monetary policy from national capitals to a single central bank in Frankfurt would signal a shift of political power. Michael Sivy (2011), as usually said big stories dont break, they ooze. The demise of the Euro is just such a story. Hence each time it oozes, U.S. stock markets drop. The collapse of the Euro, is now inevitable, in the authors view. When it happens, banks around the globe will be shaken and stock markets will plummet. Academics, journalists and even government officials have projected a set of schemes to save the Euro new European financial institutions, Eurobonds backed by all the countries collectively and even a United States of Europe. However it is clear that any such scheme to save the Euro would find little political support. The breakup will perhaps be extremely painful. Nevertheless, the alternatives may be even more unpalatable.